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Volume 3, Number 4, 9 August 1997
The B&H Media Fortnight in
Review:
' THE RAVENING HOUND OF PALE' Oslobodjenje headline for a
story of a dog biting a woman (13/8).
'The Bloodthirsty Dog of Pale' (13/8) was how
another Sarajevo daily, Vecernje Novine headlined the same story
about a dog who bit a female (Serb) journalist in Pale. Since
dogs bite people everywhere, the only interest the Sarajevo press
could have felt in the story was the opportunity it offered for a
good headline. This underlines a problem for the Bosnia and
Herzegovina daily press: the difficult art of headlines. Too
often, journalists or editors seem tempted to make a good story
out of their headline, even if there is nothing in the text to
justify it. 'Human Rights Watch Accuses the SDA' (Dnevni Avaz,
9/8) titled a story on the Helsinki Committee's report on
harassment of opposition parties - the report did not in fact
accuse the SDA. Oslobodjenje (7/8) headline: 'The Helsinki
Committee for BiH: Politics Behind the Backs of the Homeless'
gave the impression of being a direct quote by the committee.
'Izetbegovic Not Permitted in Split' suggests that the president
Alija Izetbegovic was physically excluded from the city where his
conference with Croatia's President Tudjman took place (Vecernje
Novine, 5/8). 'Izetbegovic Is My President Too' (Dnevni Avaz,
16/8) was a coloured interpretation of Vladimir Soljic (Deputy
President of the Federation)'s statement that he accepts the
authority of the BiH Presidency. 'The Ring Waits for the Beast'
(Vecernje Novine 12/8), described provisional arrangements SFOR
troops have made for the event of intercepting former RS
president Dr Radovan Karadzic.
'Never Again Independent' (Dnevni Avaz, 13/8) titled what was
simply a list of independent candidates for the local elections
in Zenica.'Tuzla Takes Abdest' (meaning ritual Islamic
purification rites) was an article on the need to wash the city.
Dnevni Avaz (12/8) wrote that Bihac businessman Fikret Abdic
should not be allowed to enter party politics: 'OSCE Puts
Pressure On Our Police To Guard The Posters Of The Parties Of War
Criminals'.(Aside from the question of whose police are 'our'
police, Abdic has not yet been condemned as a war criminal by any
court). Commentary sometimes plays to the readership gallery.
Oslobodjenje (6/8) wrote, on the reconstitution of the BiH
embassies, of 'the diplomats that will (unfortunately) be
appointed by Pale and Zagreb'. Identification of quotes is not
always satisfactory.
Oslobodjenje used emotional quotes supposed to be from a Zdruzena
Lista '97 (an opposition coalition party) meeting, without any
identifiers: 'The leaders of the SDA are gathering in Tuzla and
combining in order to throw down Beslagic (the local mayor),
while the HDZ leaders spread themselves throughout BiH over the
weekend. What do they care for threats to peace?' (5/8) Absence
of identification sometimes looks like a research failure: Dnevni
Avaz (17/8) had a picture of one of two Bosniaks killed in the
village of Laze, by local Serbs. The caption was 'One of the Two
Killed' with no names or other identifiers for either of the two.
Like the electronic media (Studio 99 and TV BiH follow the same
pattern in their newscasts), the Sarajevo press sometimes show an
inclination to focus particularly on one political personality.
This personality is, in general, co-president of the Council of
Ministers, Haris Silajdzic. During the monitored period,
Silajdzic was mentioned, mostly in a positive, other wise a
neutral context, 16 times by Oslobodjenje, (ahead of even
President Izetbegovic, and well ahead of his fellow co-president,
Boro Bosic). Dnevni Avaz carried him eight times, all in a
positive context, usually because quotes from his speeches were
used as commentary. Vecernje Novine went even further - almost
the only politicians to be mentioned in a positive context at all
were President Alija Izetbegovic, Premier Edhem Bicakcic and
Haris Silajdzic. (The exception was Vladimir Soljic, who was
mentioned once, positively).
On the other hand, the Sarajevo press are willing to carry
stories and headlines which allow other nationalities a point of
view, or show them in a sympathetic light. Dnevni Avaz carried
(6/8) a message about property rights from Catholic (Franciscan)
Fra Petar Andjelovic, known in his pastoral region, central
Bosnia, for tolerance and broad views. In the same number was a
headline 'The Croats of Ozimic Protect Their Neighbours.' This
was a story of how Croats in a village near Zepce, better known
for serious tensions between Bosniaks and Croats, defended their
Bosniak neigbours from harrassment by Croat extremists. An
interesting way to assess the reputation the Sarajevo press have
away from home and among non-Bosniak readers is to examine the
number of times they are used for commentary and source-material,
particularly by Croat media.
Slobodna Dalmacija felt that Vecernje Novine's headline of 'Thin
Results' (referring to the Split summit between presidents
Tudjman and Izetbegovic) was more accurate than Oslobodjenje's
slightly rosier account. Significantly, the accounts of both
Sarajevo papers were cited as evidence that official
(specifically SDA) optimism about the meeting was false. This
suggests a tacit acknowledgement by Slobodna Dalmacija of the
independence of at least these two members of the Sarajevo press
(6/5). (Radio and Television Herceg-Bosna, and Croatia TV Mostar
also quoted 'the Muslim media' on the summit.)
The Sarajevo daily press, compared with their counterparts in the
Republika Srpska, or with the newscasts of the electronic media,
contain a much higher proportion of genuinely investigative
reporting, as opposed to news agency items. Banja Luka daily
Dnevne Nezavisne Novine, and the RS official daily Glas Srpski,
particularly the latter, make heavy use of the RS state news
agency SRNA. Moreover, neither can be called impartial: DNN is a
strong supporter of President Biljana Plavsic, and parties who
have sided with her, while Glas Srpski is unashamedly pro-SDS,
and the Pale leadership. As regards headlines, 'Muslims Mess the
Procedure' (for returns to Brcko) is a fairly typical example of
a Glas Srpski title (8/8).
'NOT EVEN A DOG'S SKELETON WAS FOUND' (Srpska Television on the
contents of the mass graves near Srebrenica) Srpska
Radio-Television continued, in the monitored period, to use
quotes by politicians to convey resentment of the international
community, but returned to padding this out with its own
commentary. (This grew increasingly uninhibited with the August
20 imposition of the NATO protectorate on the RS police, as
Monitoring Report's Special Insert 'DIGGING IN THE WOUND' will
show.)
One presenter in particular stood out - Marinko Ucur. He was
responsible for some of the most graphic word-paintings of a
world conspiracy against Serbs, and, on August 11, told viewers
'the real truth about the conduct of the Omarska and Trnopolje
camps'. He had noticed, 'The figures of raped Muslim women rise
from day to day, and there is no trace of ..a witness of the
crimes. According to natural consequences...by now, from several
tens of thousands of raped Muslim women at least half that number
of children should have been born.
However, such a natural rise in the birth-rate has not been
recorded. The hunt for Serb crimes has also been influenced by
the so-called mass graves, in which who knows how many Muslims
are buried…when the ground around Srebrenica was dug, in the
unsuccessful search for Muslim bodies..not even a dog's skeleton
was found.' He continued 'Like cream on the media satanization of
Serbs came the formation of the International court for war
crimes, in which the ratio of accused was 10 to 1, to the
disadvantage of Serbs. Thanks to this lawful institution the
leaders and heroes of the Serb nation Radovan Karadzic and Ratko
Mladic have become the most hounded figures in recent European
history.'
The next day he was back: 'The representatives of the
international community continue their pressure on the RS..
reducing its police force.. to a dependent state, in relation to
the members of SFOR and IPTF... In the light of this today's
visit to Banja Luka by the SFOR commander in chief Eric Shinseki,
and special delegate of the UN general secretary Kai Eide, and
commissioner of IPTF Manfred Sajtner, should be interpreted. RS
president Biljana Plavsic received them in the City Hall.'(12/8).
And the next day: 'The representatives of international
organisations.. once again, at Pale today, showed their true
faces. Their statements proved that they do not respect the
official institutions of the RS, nor our state, officially
recognised by international agreement..And it cannot be wondered
at that the various international organisations are spending
their money on mixing up directly in the internal affairs of the
RS. They want to be judges in the constitutional courts, to be
the chairmen of various meetings. They would like, finally, to
control the state media'(13/8).
Ucur had some competition from another Srpska TV presenter,
Dejana Glusac. She had her own angle on the reconstitution of the
embassies: 'Understanding that the Muslims are obstructing Dayton
the most… contact with the Muslim representatives in
Washington and the United States has been broken off' (6/8). She
added in the same newscast that 'highly placed members of SFOR
and IPTF, who did not want their names mentioned, told SRNA
reporters that, come peace or force, it (BiH) would be divided,
referring to the renewal of armed conflicts'(6/8). Srpska
Television still displays a portrait of Radovan Karadzic
prominently in almost every newscast. Its presence is usually
saluted with emotive commentary. Karadzic was described, on
August 9 as one of 'the two Serb heads (the other being Ratko
Mladic).
The presenter issued a call 'to gather to the idea in which we
moved, the unity of the Serb people.' (9/8). Meanwhile, every
night before the main newscast 'Novosti', for over a fortnight,
the anti-Hague and pro-Karadzic book of Kosta Cavoski. 'The Hague
Versus the Law' has been promoted.
BRCKO BREWING SRT Radio Studio Brcko is still refraining from
commentary of its own, but the quotes to which it gives special
emphasis are increasingly menacing. 'Sadly we have to fight for
Brcko although it is ours.' (16/8) said the RS Women's
Association. Mladen Bosic, Brcko SDS president spoke of 'classic
pressure from the international community against Serbs' (8/8).
RS Army general General Vladimir Vrkes was relayed on August 11:
'Serbs in this area are surrounded by different pressures and we
must fight and overcome them. The danger which lies before us is
that the RS, by means of the voters lists will be drawn into a
unitary BiH.' SRT studio Brcko gave good coverage to the 'Cetnik
organisation establishing itself in Brcko.' This 'chose its
president and unveiled plans for a new memorial in Brcko, for
which the city, said the new president, would be renowned to the
end of time' (4/8).
54 SEVERED HEADS None of this could rival, however, Serb Radio
Doboj's diatribe (5/8) against 'Muslim Army general Sakib
Mahmuljin….the only commander who had Mujahaddin units in
his corps. The aforementioned units killed 54 living prisoners of
Serb nationality, and sent their severed heads to Alija
Izetbegovic in Sarajevo.' RTV BiH TV BiH now has a reporter based
in the RS - Sunita Sukalo, who reports from Banja Luka.
Although Independent Studio 99's Radmila Karlas, has been
reporting from Banja Luka from the beginning of this year, and TV
INFO has several reporters there, this is one of several new
steps for TV BiH. Another step noted in the monitored period was
the relaying of SDS critique -made against Federation foreign
minister Jadranko Prlic, who stated that Banja Luka is of
strategic interest to Croats (15/8). Like Srpska Television and
its 'Party Chronicle', TV BiH has begun to give regular 10 minute
representations of political parties. Unlike the 'Party
Chronicle's' presenter, TV BiH allows the party representatives
to speak for themselves, and the parties come on just after the
main news, instead of after the late news. Most interesting was
the appearance of a party from the RS - the Party of Federalists.
Its president, Dragan Djokanovic, said that he was appearing on
TV BiH, although his party was not running in any Federation
municipalities, as a sign of good faith, and to promote the
return of trust between the entities and nations.
Impartiality was also uppermost in Senad Hadzifejzovic's report
from Split on the Tudjman-Izetbegovic conference, and the TV BiH
approach to the tense issue of reconstituting the embassies. But
the TV BiH account of Holbrook's meeting with the three members
of the BiH presidency was handled rather oddly. The presenter
commented that the protocol arrangements of the RS authorities
hosting the meeting (which took place in Lukavica) were in
disarray, but did not explain this was due to Holbrook's
inability to get away in time from his meeting with Biljana
Plavsic. (This fact was supplied by Radio Free Europe).
TV BiH's reporter also informed viewers that Serb officials
forbade camera recordings, without explaining that this was by
previous agreement (a fact also supplied by Radio Free Europe).
In a newscast edited by Belmin Karahmedovic, commentary was
mingled freely with news from Brcko that two Bosniaks, who were
part of the municipal commission for assessing housing for
returns had been beaten by Serbs. 'While the representatives of
IPTF had gone out to breakfast, the car with the lilies (on the
numberplate - i.e. the Bosniaks' car) was targeted by
aggressors…Supervisor (for Brcko) Farrand and the IPTF must
react with decision…This can no longer be tolerated. The
rulers of Brcko must know that the refugees, according to human
and divine justice, have to return home'(5/8).
THE MEDIA OF 'HERCEG-BOSNA ' Croatia Radio and Television
Herceg-Bosna, Croatia Television Mostar, and Slobodna Dalmacija,
all spent some time discussing the aftermath of the Jajce
incident (in which local Croats expelled a large group of Bosniak
returnees. All of them gave most weight to Euro MP Doris Pack's
remark that she believed the incident to have been caused, in
part, by Bosniak policies. Slobodna Dalmacija quoted her
correctly, but the other media followed the lead of Croatia
Television, which quoted her as having referred to 'Muslim
forces' (8/8). Radio Herceg-Bosna reporter Meri Zlatovic
suggested that the Bosniaks were repeating what this medium saw
as their former aggravation, by returning yet again in excessive
numbers. '98 families returned, although only 80 were agreed.'
Actually 99 individuals went back to villages around Jajce
(16/8).
Radio Herceg-Bosna reporter Mijo Kelavic's description of the
unsuccessful sitting of the BiH Council of Ministers (17/8),
mingled news thickly with commentary. - 'Co-president Haris
Silajdzic -visibly resigned, and with a complete lack of
politico-diplomatic tact or excuses, said that he could not allow
the Serb government to design the state documents and driving
licences of their entity - which was fine. What was not fine',
Kelavic went on to say, 'was his political terminology when he
adduced…the number of expelled Serbs from Croatia who would
adopt the documentation of the Serb entity. It is obvious that
the BiH first minister was confused about the means and reasons
for the Serb population's departure from the Republika Srpska.
But the Serbs, remember, departed by design, and peacefully, in
tractors, with Galbraith at their head, and not as Silajdzic
insists on saying, in the manner of people who are being
expelled.'
TV Herceg-Bosna was particularly emphatic in its references to
'the Community'. By this was meant the three Mostar
municipalities with a Croat majority, whose combination into a
single body has been declared illegal by the Office of the High
Representative. TV Herceg-Bosna persevered in using the title of
'Community in spite of warnings from the local Media Experts'
Commission. Perhaps the most unpredictable of these media is
Slobodna Dalmacija. This was the only Croat medium to
unemotionally announce the penalties, including the removal of
candidates from the lists, which the OSCE sub-commission declared
against the HDZ in Mostar and Zepce (16/8).
The other media ignored the matter, or, in the case of TV
Herceg-Bosna, used it as grounds for complaint against the OSCE.
Slobodna Dalmacija article'Dayton Injustice' (9/8) stated, 'BiH
Croats must accept this country as their homeland, and not as a
way into some kind of Great Croatia, which is unthinkable without
an apocalyptic war on the territories of both countries.' This
was balanced, however by an article which complained (13/8) 'Why
force peoples to live in a single state when they don't want to,
and think up such a complicated civil and military structure in
BiH which without several thousand NATO soldiers has no hope.'
ESELAAM ALEJKUM TUZLA Edib Kravic, director of
Tuzlansko-Podrinski Cantonal Television (TV TPK), appears
frequently on this station in his capacity as representative of
the Coalition for a United and Democratic BiH, and member of the
Election Committee of its leader-member, the SDA. The Coalition's
promotive meetings are always covered, and its announcements
issued almost every day. Meanwhile, attacks issued by Coalition
members against the local government of Tuzla Municipality
(headed by Mayor Selim Beslagic, member of the coalition
'Zdruzena Lista' are carried on an almost daily basis (see August
7, 8, 10, 11, 14).
On August 6: the Coalition announced that OSCE had issued a
complaint against SDP Tuzla -'because of ..the most basic lies
about the alleged intention of the Coalition to choose a resident
of another municipality, i.e. Mr Izet Hadzic, as a mayor of
Tuzla. The candidate for Mayor of Tuzla, Mehmed Bajric, was the
most serviceable in the defence of Tuzla, and is beloved by the
citizens, regardless of nationality'. TV TPK did not tell viewers
exactly what the SDP had said. On August 9 there was a very
complimentary item on Mehmed Bajric, which showed him meeting
with former (female) colleagues who used to work with him in the
police department of the Minstry of Internal Affairs. There were
camera shots of him presenting each woman with a rose. TV TPK
covered the Hotel Tuzla all-party conference (12/8), but did not
go into particular detail - except when attacks on Mayor Selim
Beslagic were the topic. TV Tuzla covered this conference more
fully - and was accused by TV TPK's director Edib Kravic (13/8),
in his capacity as member of the local MEC subcommission, of
being propagandist and in contravention of OSCE regulations.
One of Kravic's fellow-members of the SDA Election Committee,
Camil Custovic, is director and owner of Tuzla Radio Hayat. This
radio was also meticulous in relaying Coalition party meetings to
audiences, sometimes live. 'Tuzla Personality Meha Bajric' was
quoted attacking Beslagic, and Kravic himself came on (11/8) to
support his party more openly than on TV TPK. 'The basic goal of
the Coalition is that the borders of BiH be as they were a
thousand years ago - from Drina to Una, and from Sava to the
sea… To victory! - Eselaam aleikum'. Meanwhile, two other
local radio stations have put together an informative programme
called 'Reckoning the Accounts'. This gives slight priority to
attacks on the Coalition. The initiators are Zlatko Berbic,
brother in law of Beslagic and owner of Radio Kameleon, and
Zlatko Dukic, president of the Cantonal Committee of the SDP and
director of Radio Tuzla.
ZENICA Local Independent TV Zetel ran a detailed story on the
release from prison of 2 Serb brothers (4/8) for whom the Zenica
authorities had no proper documentation. TV Zenica failed to
notice the incident at the time. Three days later, after the
story hit the Sarajevo press, thanks to details given out at an
IPTF press conference (5/8) TV Zenica carried the municipal mayor
saying the authorities were not responsible - the only way in
which the story emerged.
INDEPENDENT TELEVISION NTV (Independent TV) BANJA LUKA now runs a
promotive jingle for the SPRS (the RS Socialist party, whose
parent party - that of Slobodan Milosevic - donated the station's
equipment) before and after all news programmes 'You don't have
bread, you don't have money, you don't have work, you don't have
medicine, but you do have the SPRS.'
Oko 22, the newscast of Independent Studio 99, is notable for
being unable to say the words 'Republika Srpska'. The nearest
they can get is 'the Entity with a Serb Majority', 'the territory
controlled by the SDS'. While these phrases are common on all
Federation media, this station alone uses them almost
exclusively.. TV INFO, the newscast of the now-renamed Open
Television Network is still relying heavily on foreign press
conferences for impartial news. No less than five of these formed
the basis for the August 8 newscast. It is also keeping
rigorously to its policy of never showing party politics.
Audiences who do not supplement their knowledge by watching TV
BiH or Oko 22, must remain in the dark about pre-election party
news.
TV INFO scheduling is not always logical - Federation agreements
on the constitution of the embassies, telecommunications and the
army Council-Board) took third place on the August 11 newscast.
(The first item was the non-agreement over road repairs.) The
same newscast carried Biljana Plavsic's accusation that the RS
Ministry of Internal Affairs had not given documents to Brcko
returnees, and her announcement of her own party, right at the
end. 'The BiH political scene is not rich in events,' concluded
the presenter.
REMOTE CONTROL - BIH JOURNALISTS AND THE GOVERNMENT By Emir
Imamovic of Dani
(Monitoring Report would like to introduce the second of its
series of opinion articles (see last issue's 'The Media of
"Herceg-Bosna"'). Monitoring Report would like to point
out that all opinions expressed in this column are the author's,
and do not necessarily represent those of the editors.)
The citizens of former Yugoslavia were among the last in Europe
to buy themselves remote-control televsion sets. But this
apparent backwardness was not the result of low living standards,
or ignorance of contemporary technology. The simple fact was,
remote controls were unnecessary. This was the time of a
one-party, one-media system, and the two state television
channels broadcast identically stupid, ideologicised programmes.
Now, after years of fragmentation, the media have, in BiH,
expanded incredibly. Sadly, however, only in quantity.
In Sarajevo alone there are seven TV stations, 11 radio stations,
three daily papers, and numerous periodicals. The output of the
TV stations, regardless of their relations to the state, is
catastrophically poor. This means the government does not have to
worry about organising any system of censorship, or pressurising
journalists. The independent media, as they mostly call
themselves, are popular, but have little influence, while
journalists generally succeed in censoring themselves in a way
suitable to the requirements of the regime.
The Bosniak-Croat establishment can feel secure, for quite a few
of the independent stations are controlled, albeit discreetly, by
the government. The SDA, for example, in varying degrees,
influences Bosniak Radio Hayat, Independent Television Hayat, RTV
BiH, Dnevni Avaz (which was founded with government support), and
the nationalist weekly Liljan. Croat politicians meanwhile 'have'
Croat Radio Vrhbosna, and the newspaper 'Hrvatski Rijec'.
Studio 99 is notable for independence, but its productions are,
to put it mildly, bad. The programmes of the former TVIN, now
OTM, the network funded by foreign donations, are among
Sarajevo's more watchable television, but the newscast TV INFO is
illogically structured and boring.
Perhaps the best of the electronic media is Radio Zid, which
constantly produces interesting, high-quality programmes. The
Sarajevo press, are a bright spot on an otherwise depressing
scene, when their journalism is compared with that of the
electronic media. Bi-monthly Slobodna Bosna, the monthly magazine
Dani, and a few of the cultural magazines (Odjek and Lica, for
example), come up to the most exacting standards of journalism.
They have a wide readership - this include politicians who,
secure in their power, rarely or never react to what Slobodna
Bosna or Dani have to say about corruption, nepotism, and the
like.
As for the dailies, Dnevni Avaz is the most ideologicised and
establishmentarian. Oslobodjenje, the oldest daily in BiH, is
infinitely more independent, but regrettably sterile in approach
and ideas. Then there is the almost-tabloid - but interesting -
Vecernje Novine, whose continued existence is little short of a
miracle. The government tried to exterminate it when bringing out
Dnevni Avaz - which bought up most of the journalists and
equipment of the older paper. Vecernje Novine, however, hung on.
Key to the relationship between media and the regime is that
while the government continues to enjoy its incredibly strong
postion, journalists will continue to deal superficially with the
deepest of social issues. The few professionals still active are
like Don Quixote fencing with the windmill - until the government
decides to punish them. The case of the satirical magazine
Polikita, whose issues were confiscated from the vendors by the
police, is a chilling reminder of the regime's power to act when
it so desires.
Emir Imamovic is a journalist of Dani.
LETTERS TO THE EDITORS
Illegal to Jam I would like to know what you are referring to
when you speak of 'international community warnings of possible
jamming.' My understanding is that jamming is illegal under
international Telecommunications Union agreements. I distinctly
recall that Kofi Annan, when he was in charge of UN peacekeeping
operations, refused to envisage jamming the Khmer Rouge radio in
Cambodia, because of its illegality under international law. I
can testify, because I was directly involved, that UNESCO
Director General Federico Mayor backtracked from a call to jam
rebel radio in Burundi, for the same reason. With perplexity
Ronald Koven, European Representative, World Press Freedom
Committee.
TV TPK Protests (excerpt) Among other things, your monitor gave
the opinion, that 'this station used the Philharmonic Concert to
promote the SDA,' and 'did not mention the name of Asim Horozic,
the composer whose work was being performed for the first time in
Tuzla.' I have the impression that your monitor did not follow
our programme at all. In order to prevent arguments I am sending
you the video and written text, and I would like to correct the
untrue information which affects the reputation of our station.'
Edib Kravic, Director.
Monitoring Report replies: We apologise for the mistake in the
Bosnian version of our report, which did state, incorrectly, that
TV TPK did not mention the name of the composer, Asim Horozic.
However, even after reading the written text, we still feel that
it was unusual to specifically name the president of TV TPK, Dr
Sead Jamakosmanovic, who was present, but not to name the
Austrian director 'specially invited to this event..under whose
baton the two compositions were conducted.'
MONITORING SRT SPECIAL
ISSUE -SEE PART 2
MONITORING REPORT
Published by the Institute for War & Peace Reporting and
Media Plan
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Dizdarevic, Aleksandra Scepanovic & Marina Bowder Monitoring
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Monitoring Report is free of charge, and reprinting with
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